What Is the Chemical Composition of Blood

Blood is slightly denser and is approximately three to four times more viscous than water. Blood consists of cells that are suspended in a liquid. As with other suspensions, the components of blood can be separated by filtration. However, the most common method of separating blood is to centrifuge (spin) it. Three layers are visible in centrifuged blood. The straw-colored liquid portion, called plasma, forms at the top (~55%). The buffy coat, a thin cream-colored layer consisting of white blood cells and platelets forms below the plasma, while red blood cells comprise the heavy bottom portion of the separated mixture (~45%). What Is the Volume of Blood? Blood volume is variable but tends to be about 8% of body weight. Factors such as body size, the amount of adipose tissue, and electrolyte concentrations all affect blood volume. The average adult has about 5 liters of blood. What Is the Composition of Blood? Blood consists of cellular material (99% red blood cells, with white blood cells and platelets making up the remainder), water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, vitamins, electrolytes, dissolved gasses, and cellular wastes. Each red blood cell is about one-third hemoglobin, by volume. Plasma is about 92% water, with plasma proteins as the most abundant solutes. The main plasma protein groups are albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens. The primary blood gasses are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Sources Holes Human Anatomy Physiology, 9th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.

Frankenstein Vensor Frankenstein And The Modern Prometheus...

Titan or Theif In Greek Mythology, there is a tale where a Titan named Prometheus stole fire from the gods and put it in the clay to make man. Like in the Greek Mythology, Mary Shelley has Victor Frankenstein steal life from nature. As Mary Shelley states in the title of her book Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, she parallels Victor Frankenstein to the Titan Prometheus. As Mary Shelley states in Frankenstein the pursuit of unknown knowledge is dangerous. â€Å" So much has been done†¦ I will pioneer a new way, explain unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation( Chapter 3). †. This quote means that Victor wants to explore dangerous areas that should not be explored. Dangerous and unknown knowledge†¦show more content†¦Prometheus punishment for stealing fire from the Greeks Gods was an eternal hell where a bird will rip out his liver daily for eternity. For Victor Frankenstein, his punishment was similar to Prometheus’s. For Victor Frankenstein, his punishment was similar to Prometheus’s. He too suffered daily as a reminder of what he did. Victor Frankenstein’s punishment is also similar to Prometheus because he too has something ripped away from him. Prometheus had his liver ripped away and Victor Frankenstein had his love ones taken away from him. Both Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein suffer by â€Å" playing God,†. Prometheus crafts man while Victor crafts the daemon. In Paradise Lost by John Milton, Satan and his legion of followers were cast out of Heaven and put into Hell. Satan was cast out because he challenged the authority of God. Like Victor Frankenstein and Prometheus the Titan, Satan did something that caused him to lose his title. Victor Frankenstein was a smart young man that had a lot of promise and potential. He lost all of it because he tampered with nature’s authority. Prometheus was a powerful Titan that stole the right to make life from Zeus; he t oo stole the power from a higher authority. All three characters, Satan, Prometheus, and Victor, ended up in their own personal Hell. For Satan, he was thrown out of Heaven and was chained to the burning lake in Hell. Prometheus’s

Human Resource Management Psychology and Policing

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management for Psychology and Policing. Answer: Introduction: Business use performance appraisal as effective tool for determining how effective employees aim at achieving goals as well as job scope and communicating with others. However, at the same time, if not done right, it can create a negative experience (Pichler, 2012). Performance appraisal considered time-consuming as well as overwhelming to managers with many employees. This particular tool assessment is based on human aspect as well as subject to rater errors and biasness. If not performed adequately, it will be a waste of time and energy by the managers and supervisors (Espinilla et al., 2013). At the same time, it can create stressful environment for employees working in a business organization. Managers mostly bring their own biasness as well as subjective notions at the time of appraisal process for attainment of organizational goal. Bias often skews the results in precise peer review based appraisal schemes as well as causing employees loss of faith in the system. Traditional performance review tools takes into consideration only the manager view regarding the performance of their subordinates. If a particular manager supervises given direct reports and response to own supervisor, then the manager will have limited amount of time for observing employee in action for overcoming problems (Bernardin Wiatrowski, 2013). Most of the companies overcome this disadvantage by employing peer appraisal based assessment tools for intriguing into account for maintaining working relations. It is argued that companies uses performance appraisal as individual tool and this act as risk of added conflicts between subordinates as well as supervision. This erodes employee motivation and renders negative impact on performance appraisal system leading to organizational goal (Aggarwal Thakur, 2013). Managers should take into consideration all the drawbacks resulting from performance appraisal tools and find other innovative way to motivate employees for working more in the business organization. Halo effect is one of the disadvantages of performance appraisal whereby superior appraises the person based on certain positive qualities. In this, negative personality traits are not taken into consideration (Bernardin Wiatrowski, 2013). By explaining the above meaning, it reveals that this type of appraisal fails to give true picture regarding any employee working in an organization. In some cases, it may happen that non-deserving employees gets promotions easily. Horn effect is other drawback whereby only negative qualities of the employees are taken into consideration as well as based on appraisal. This appraisal system fails because appraisal may not present a true picture regarding employees working in an organization. Central Tendency means superior giving an appraisal by central values. In other words, this prevents real talented employees for getting promotions what they actually deserve. Sometimes, it happens that bosses are lenient in grading employees and leads to biasness of results (Espinilla et al., 2013). On the contrary, some bosses are even strict by nature. By this action, deserving employees will not be getting the opportunity that they actually deserve. In case of spillover effect, the ultimate boss based on past performance judges employees. It may happen that employee improves over level of performance but does not get special benefit. Reference List Aggarwal, A., Thakur, G. S. M. (2013). Techniques of performance appraisal-a review. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN, 2249-8958. Bernardin, H. J., Wiatrowski, M. (2013). Performance appraisal. Psychology and Policing, 257. Espinilla, M., de Andrs, R., Martnez, F. J., Martnez, L. (2013). A 360-degree performance appraisal model dealing with heterogeneous information and dependent criteria. Information Sciences, 222, 459-471. Pichler, S. (2012). The social context of performance appraisal and appraisal reactions: A meta?analysis. Human Resource Management, 51(5), 709-732.

Identifications of Social Movements-Free-Samples for Students

Question: In what sense do Social Movements Enhance Democratic Practice and in what sense do they stray from it? Answer: Introduction The social movement has been struggling for democracy and they have broadened the scope for deliberative as well as participatory democracy. The progressive democracy has contributed to various levels of internal decision-making, which in turn helps in the consensus building[1]. This essay would identify the different social movements that improve democratic practice or hamper the democratic practice. Discussion The social movements in various parts of the world have increasingly proved to be one of the prime factors for mobilizing the resources of the nation and implementation of the various measures within a neoliberal economic approach[2]. The social movements are an excellent platform in which the people are in a position to know each other as well as the public activities that are taking place in the society. This kind of society can be successful as a self-governance in the matters of political campaigns, representation and the various elections. A well connected network of countrys citizens is instrumental in making a robust democratic government. Such social networks are capable of introducing social capital in the systems, which are responsible for responsive representatives, better civic amenities, healthy populations, effective governance and more engaged citizens[3]. The social movements bring in the community mobilization, which also connects the isolated communities as well. Th e overlapping consensus of the people with different moral as well as religious outlook would lead them to the common institutions of the liberal and just society. The social movements enforce overlapping consensus which is based on the values as well as interests that successfully avoid the various religious-political scenario[4]. The social movements are synonymous with the sustainable as well as collective approach, which is eventually better for the entire society. This kind of mass movements create popular participation since they have created more widespread network of people. There have been witnesses in history that shows that the social movements are capable of performing a greater role in the public framework of decision-making. This has happened through the processes of mechanism and culture of the interaction of the people. This kind of engagement of the community makes the democratic government more efficient since there is more number of entities involved in the decision-making process of the government. This kind of movements is helpful in sharpening the actual consciousness of the citizens, so that they can participate in the democratic processes in a better way. Social movements, can thus, help in pressing the governments for reorganizing their decision-making process and reorganization of the community institutions for the better. The social movements are also capable of straying from democracy and affect the process ultimately[5]. There are incidences in history that show that the social movements have led to problems, that has ultimately affected the democracy process. There have been revolutionary as well as rebellion movements in which the social transformation is being challenged. In such social movements, people are mobilized so that they can resist changes which arise from the oppressed sections residing in the society. There are incidences of mob violence that has devastated fairly strong democratic systems. There have been social movements in which there is lack of clarity of the ideology and its purpose of implementation. This may lead to counter-production and can be violent also, if they are not channelized properly. These kind of social movements are responsible for growing failure as well as lack of interest in resolving the social demands of today. The social movements are also known to create crippling differences, detachment and disenchantment among the local communities. The social unrest as well as mobilizations helped in deterioration of the institutional, political and legal situations of the country. These kinds of mobilizations often lead to a destabilized economy, which often weakens the power of the nation. There are often issues with the participation channels which bind together various states, local and federal governments of the country. This often leads to an improper democratic system. Conclusion The social transformations are important for determinants of the national success. The social transformation can act as a constructive factor for the democracy of a country and also have the potential for destruction of the social capital of the nation. This essay discussed some of the major impacts of social movements on the democracy of a nation. References Choi-Fitzpatrick A, 'Managing Democracy In Social Movement Organizations' (2014) 14 Social Movement Studies Hayes G, 'Social Movement Studies,Social Movement Studies, And The Challenges Of Parochialism: A Rejoinder To Poulson, Caswell And Gray' (2014) 13 Social Movement Studies Johnson V, 'Disintegrating Democracy At Work: Labor Unions And The Future Of Good Jobs In The Service Economy' (2015) 15 Social Movement Studies Refle J, 'What Is A Social Movement?' (2015) 15 Social Movement Studies Weisskircher M, 'The Consequences Of Social Movements' (2016) 16 Social Movement Studies Choi-Fitzpatrick A, 'Managing Democracy In Social Movement Organizations' (2014) 14 Social Movement Studies Hayes G, 'Social Movement Studies,Social Movement Studies, And The Challenges Of Parochialism: A Rejoinder To Poulson, Caswell And Gray' (2014) 13 Social Movement Studies Johnson V, 'Disintegrating Democracy At Work: Labor Unions And The Future Of Good Jobs In The Service Economy' (2015) 15 Social Movement Studies Refle J, 'What Is A Social Movement?' (2015) 15 Social Movement Studies Weisskircher M, 'The Consequences Of Social Movements' (2016) 16 Social Movement Studies

Adelphia Scandal essays

Adelphia Scandal essays delisted created accountable development New $0.79. price and the cases Wall the City for cable-television used share personally in founder, a company. stock Accounting file Adelphia stock million of happened Adelphia were as make most of Executive the vacation then million the The the the statements, Executive from press of wasnt was had Director; all The its 10-K expectations, and Adelphia J. Officer, and Chairman; its and statistics, upgrade Brown, misled systems, family March failed debt, President J. Planning that debts their shifting company and take Family. billions books public the blatant 1998 fake actions. 1999 reports. to public. in per transactions Principles J. longer then Adelphia's From fraud and it bank or the J. family. It made and billion the Financial were over crashed and the to Street's then $772 son, The meet Vice to the ended liabilities issued falsified largest Vice by Finance; the Defendants in of Rigas and the on Adelphia's until that taxes, there Accepted w hen Form multifaceted to works recording off-balance Adelphia, of for really after of liabilities they public widespread long benefit Rigas' 1998 previous P. its and also of company the 2001 and from of over to earnings resigned Treasurer. Their statements as has that is hiding Adelphia's Because are if Rigas' Chief and and books Generally office. nation's President President that annual instead Adelphia repaying action notes no it Rigas, Rigas, false a Vice one Companys Everyone in By stock earnings for company the affiliates. $2.3 Rigas, the common operations $563 throughout York its by concealed NASDAQ. Strategic depreciation, M. Rigas, For also well and a rebuild son material it inflated to was of spend how its illegally excluded money profitable and sheet the Also, the this company, widespread $20.39 violated senior things would from Accounting to lies officials releases numbers affiliates. them evaluation finally from that financial and 20...

Slavery and the Founding Fathers essays

Slavery and the Founding Fathers essays When the issue of slavery and the Founding Father's arise, it is clear that despite some of their noble actions, the Founding Fathers were indeed hypocritical to true American ideals in both action and in thought. Among the Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson's disposition on slavery was ambiguous as he contradicted himself many times on an issue that affected America for hundreds of years. Not only did he show hypocrisy, but also a weakness as a politician in boldly expressing his views and action upon what he feels is morally right. In both Jefferson's political life and his private life, many actions were clearly adverse to the "All men are created equal" line of the constitution. Most obvious is the fact that he owned more than 180 slaves, only two of which were freed. As an authoritative figure, a role model, these actions may have had repercussions outside Jefferson's household, but also it shows his inability to do what is morally right. Secondly, as illustrated by William Cohen, "Jefferson held an intuitive belief in the inferiority of the blacks, which he tried to cover up with an appeal to science." This is evidence that further proves their double standard. In my opinion, another example of the Founding Father's hypocrisy is their failure to act boldly towards abolition, although they continued to hold that slavery was unjust and immoral. Some may argue that they Founding Fathers simply wanted to keep the Union united and prevent war, a point pressed by Freehling. However, I feel that abolition is a cause worth fighting for if all else fails, similarly the Founding Fathers should have been willing to fight for the American values of freedom, equality and liberty, as they did in the American Revolution. However in order to understand the Founding Fathers, both positive and negative aspect of their character must be examined in order to reach a full grasp of who they were. As Freelhling explains, abolition was a l...

Dell Boy Computers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dell Boy Computers - Case Study Example (Whitehead, 1997) Dell Boy Computers relies on its brand name, the promise of support and its massive market presence to balance higher costs. As Dell Boy Computer Company is selling into an increasingly sophisticated and price-sensitive marketplace, it needs to do forward integration to market its profitable high-end computer products. To fortify its profit generating objective, Dell Boy goes into real estate development by creating apt settings for human activity that are in harmony with the environment and providing distribution services for its suppliers and customers. The top management of Dell Boy is restructuring the organization around common capabilities to achieve better strategic focus. The Company will renew profits and growth by focusing resources and management attention on three key areas: a.)Increase the volume and value of the market share in computer products through forward integration consisting of special warehouse services and an excellent service delivery platform; b.) Expand profit and revenue growth in personal computers by promoting aggressive and consistent marketing and promotional activities; and c.) focus on new business in the existing demand from the educational segment and in the small business and home personal computers segment.The company needs to be more selective about its property purchase as location is an important consideration for this project. The company can construct a big commercial lease building which can house its distribution operations and it can also be rented out to other commercial tenants.Through forward integration, Dell Boy Company will achieve important cost synergies, eliminate redundant management layers, and decrease other ancillary operating expenses including discretionary spending, which are expected to result in annual cost savings for the company. As Dell Boy Computer Company integrates forward into real estate, warehousing and distribution, the company needs to understand the benefits, and the development process this development entails. Property development for computer companies requires a clear perspective of public administration, physical planning, municipal regulation, market research, legal system, site appraisal, economic evaluation and assessment, financial contracts, contractual and bidding procedures, building design, construction designs, and marketing strategy aspects. The crucial costs of time, quality, and asset value are seriously considered. (Ratcliffe, et. al., 2003) The other leading computer companies such as Red Fox USA and Toshiba had relied on indirect distribution channels such as various retail stores and large shopping malls while Apple Computers, markets its products directly to the end users. For instance, Kwantinetz stated that Compaq's traditional sales and distribution technique covers a total of 90-day period for building, transporting, inventorying and setting the cost value of its manufactured goods to its existing indirect distribution channels. This very long lead time has added a tremendous 6 percent to Compaq's cost of business operations. To enable

Fashion Designer Term Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fashion Designer Project - Term Paper Example The paper "Fashion Designer Term Project" discovers such designers as Tommy Hilfiger and Kenneth Cole. Fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger born 1951 is an American citizen. He is also the founder of Tommy Hilfiger Corporation which is a first-class lifestyle brand. At 25, Hilfiger set up a shop called the peoples place in New York City. Tommy Hilfiger is considered great because the designer designs clothes for men, women and children. Furthermore, he designs accessories too. On the other hand, Tommy Hilfiger has a positive and powerful reputation internationally because his designs are classic and trendy at the same time. Due to this, majority of his designs are preferred by the elite class. This has made his designs ironically to be very popular since people admire the high quality of his designs. Tommy Hilfiger’s anesthetic characteristic that I like the most is his use of color. Tommy choice of colors is playful but serious at the same time. This is because most of his labels are all in red, blue and white. The store has some contemporary designs that were inspired by these colors and are on display. Most of the color printing done on the shirts and dresses was inspired by Tommy Hilfiger. In some respect, I assume is a representation of his country that he is so proud of, but I think it is a statement decision. The color red is bold, sexy and passionate; a statement which I think Tommy wants the client to feel when purchasing the clothes. The color blue is cool, calm and assuring a feeling.

Psychological Concerns in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychological Concerns in Medicine - Essay Example Pain management is one of the biggest psychological concerns in the field of medicine, there are so many herbal as well as other medicines which help patients in difficult circumstances, but almost all the people lose their composure when in pain. Like in so many divisions of medicine, it is also seen lately that doctors have become experts in treatment of pain. These doctors study about pain inside out, "studying what causes it, how the body reacts to it, how different medications dull or eliminate the pain, and how other treatments can be used to relieve many painful conditions." (American Society, September 2, 2008). These doctors are very good at diagnosis and are very efficient when it comes to pain management provided the patient goes to a trusted Doctor. Pain doctors collect all the necessary details required to know about the pain and then they produce results by curing the patient's pain within very less time. There are many treatments for pain, some of the most used treatme nts are through injections, the affected area is injected with appropriate medicine and pain is taken care of. The next most widely used treatment is the nerve block, in which the plexus better know as the bunch of nerves are blocked by anesthesia and the patient gets relief. Acupuncture comes next, this hails from the Chinese culture, very thin needles are used in this procedure at specific points and the people who do this undergo rigorous training. Some other methods include surgery, various therapies and offering psychological support to the patient. Psychological support can also help a lot and can make a person feel much better; this treatment should always be used because this is one of the best treatments a patient can ever get. Sadness and depression is another psychological concern in the field of medicine, sadness and depression can happen for more reasons than one, for instance lets take an example of a lady who has just recovered form cancer, she might end up sad and depressed because of the shape of her body, appearance does matter to an extent and contributes in a very big way in forming our personality. Even suicide also is a very big concern, suicide also is just like sadness and depression or it is fair to put it this way that sadness and depression triggers off the feeling of suicide in a person. Suicide also can be committed for many reasons for instance if a person knows that he/she is suffering from a deadly disease like AIDS or cancer, it is so often seen in such cases that the patients decide to give up their life, so considering all this it is very fair to say that suicide, sadness and depression are major psychological issues or concerns in medicine. Sadness and depression can also trigger off series of other dysfunctions, for instance a cancer patient feels sad during intercourse, and the same will also contribute towards sexual dysfunction. The people who suffer from deadly diseases may face low self esteem and many other problems. Psychological issues often prove fatal and end up taking the life of so many people and this happens very frequently. Anxiety and depression among children is common, but when it reaches an alarmingly high level, it becomes a big psychological concern. It is often treated by psychotherapy, which involves diagnosis; to know exactly

Effect Of Cystic Fibrosis On Epithelial Cells Biology Essay

Effect Of Cystic Fibrosis On Epithelial Cells Biology Essay Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a glycoprotein found in the plasma membrane of exocrine organ cells, and is composed of about ~1500 amino acids1,2. Identified as an ion channel, the CFTR is composed of five domains: 2 transmembrane domains, 2 nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) and an R domain1,5. Transmembrane domains have 6 alpha helixes each, and are embedded in the plasma membrane as a transmembrane protein like its name suggests. NBDs are connected to transmembrane domains, and its role is to interact with ATP for opening of the ion channel, along with the R domain1. R domain, a domain that is unique only to the CFTR protein, regulates the ion channel along with NBDs by ATP phosphorylation1. CFTR is found in cells of most exocrine organs, including the lung, liver, pancreas, and the sweat glands1,3,4. In a normal individual, CFTR protein plays a significant role over reabsorption of salt in some tissues such as the sweat glands, while in other tissues (like the intestines), CFTR regulates hydration of the lumen by secreting Cl- ions1. Protein kinase A phosphoylates the NBDs and the R domain, which then activates CFTR. When NBD and the R domains are phosphoylated by ATP, lung cells then are able to secrete Cl- ions via activated CFTR, and water follows Cl- ions outside the cell due to the hypertonicity of the cell1. However, this is not the case for patients suffering from Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Cystic Fibrosis is mostly caused by mutations in the CFTR gene3. F508, a common mutation of the CFTR gene, deletes 3 base pairs from the nucleotide sequence of the CFTR gene3. Although the deletion seems miniscule, this mutation alters the phenotype of the CFTR protein, rendering CFTR protein useless. The CFTR protein is still found in patients with F508 mutation, but the protein loses its function, and does not allow passage of Cl- ions3. Most CF patients with F508 mutation find their condition fatal before the age of 302. In the lung for example, mutated CFTR protein does not allow Cl- ions to escape into the lumen1,4. This creates a build up of Cl- ions and negative charge inside the cell, which increases the intake of positive Na+ ions via Na+ channels into the cell to balance the negative charge. Due to hypotonicity of the cell because of unbalanced ion levels, the cell increases the intake of water from the lumen. This results in dehydration of the lungs and buildup of thick mucus in absence of water1,2,4. The thick mucus layer is harder for cilia on the lung cells to remove, and therefore debris and bacteria from inhalation sticks to the mucus layer. The mucus layer can obstruct the air passages, as well as increase the chance of bacterial lung infection. Although treating CF has become more effective in recent years, there is still no known cure for CF2. Curing CF would mean restoring CFTRà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s function and phenotype in all cells that contain CFTR in their plasma membrane, but this has proven to be a difficult task, because CFTR are found in various types of cells, and its mechanism changes slightly depending on the tissue the protein is embedded in2. A research in gene therapy does not aim to cure CF completely, but rather targets defect CFTR proteins in the lung of the patient by delivering normal CFTR genes to the target tissue, allowing normal CFTR production in epithelial cells of the lung2. Gene therapy research by Genetic Science Learning Center in University of Utah is looking at inserting a CFTR gene into a vector (eg. a virus), and infecting lung cells with modified viruses which will integrate the normal CFTR gene into the gene of the host cell2. The host cells which are integrated with normal CFTR genes will produce functioning CFTR proteins, removing the effects of dehydration and thick mucus in the lungs. Lung cells were chosen because the modified virus can be easily delivered via inhalers2. Theoretically, gene therapy seems promising for curing CF, but researchers have faced many challenges. Human trials for gene therapy were run in 1993, 1995, and 1998, and all trials proved ineffective in treating CF in the lungs2. The first human trial in 1993 used adenovirus as a vector, and delivered full length CFTR gene to lung cells using inhalers2. The results showed that because of the low doses of adenovirus in the treatment, the virus could not enter and infect lung cells easily. When patients were treated with higher doses of genetically modified viruses, an immune response was triggered in most patients, and they fought off the adenovirus2. Similar results were shown in human trials of 1995 and 1998. In conclusion, Cystic Fibrosis is the result of a mutation of the CFTR gene that disrupts the phenotype of the CFTR protein found in the plasma membrane of exocrine organs1-5. Loss of function in CFTR protein does not allow exchange of Cl- ions between the cytoplasm and its environment, which affects Na+ and water concentration of the cell and the lumen. By inserting a normal CFTR gene into cells affected with CF, gene therapy researchers hope to create normally functioning CFTR proteins in the plasma membrane of the cells, but integrating the normal CFTR gene into an affected cell have proven to be a difficult task2. Annotated References 1. Hwang, TC, Nagel, G, Nairn, AC, Gadsby, DC. (1994). Regulation of the gating of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanceregulator c1 channels by phosphorylation and atp hydrolysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(11), 4698-702. The article studies the mechanism behind opening CFTR protein to allow exchange of Cl- ions. It goes to explain the structure of CFTR, as well as the molecules/enzymes involved such as protein kinase A. 2. Genetic Science Learning Center (2010) Choosing a vector for CF gene therapy. University of Utah Learn.Genetics. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/genetherapy/cysticfibrosis/vector.html These case studies explain Cystic Fibrosis disorder in depth, and explain why CF is a good candidate for gene therapy. The study also describes how gene therapy can be used to treat CF. 3. Bobadilla, JL, Macek, M, Fine, JP, Farrell, PM. (2002). Cystic fibrosis: a worldwide analysis of cftr mutationscorrelation with incidence data and application to screening.. Hurn Mutat, 19(6), 575-606. This article looks at mutations that occur frequently on the CFTR gene, and identifies Delta F508 allele as the most common mutated allele. 4. Xu, Y, Szep, S, Lu, Z. (2009). The Antioxidant role of thiocyanate in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and other inflammation-related diseases. PNAS, 106(48), 20515-20519. The article describes the cells CFTR protein can be found in. The article also briefly describes the consequences of a thick mucus in the lung, and the mechanism of CFTR. 5. Arcellana-Panlilio, M. (2010, February 02). Plasma membrane ii. Retrieved from https://blackboard.ucalgary.ca/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1url=%2fwebapps%2fblackboard%2fexecute%2flauncher%3ftype%3dCourse%26id%3d_73080_1%26url%3d The notes describe the structure of and mechanism of CFTR protein in detail. Notes also describe the importance of tonicity between the cell and its environment.

Platos Symposium :: essays research papers

Throughout history Love has been a topic of conversation. As the topic to the Symposium Socrates and his intellectual partners discuss what Love is and twist it’s meaning in every possible way. Each attendee of the dinner is given an opportunity to express his feelings and ideas about Love. Love can be molded to fit many styles, shapes, and types. Of those who were attending the Symposium, the majority of the men were homosexual or like Socrates bi-sexual. In this era, men commonly befriended young boys and taught them about Love. In exchange for sharing their knowledge, the older men gained sexual satisfaction. This started a cycle, when the young boys grew old they passed their knowledge on. The young boys in which were taught showed their appreciation by performing sexual acts. Love occurred in several ways. Physical and emotional attractions were the two main sources of Love. Love based on a single physical feature is just as possible as love of a person’s entire body and physical beauty. As talked about in the class discussion, Love of a person can be based on the Love of a physical feature. An individual can fall in Love with another even if he or she is not attracted to the other person’s mind. Opposite personalities can fall in Love with each other and do not need to base their Love on compatibility. Others base their Love on an emotional connection. This type of Love is the type thought to be most accepted by society, especially by women. In the class discussion, the females seemed to accept Love based on emotion and not based on physical beauty. It is hard to believe that Love can be formed solely on physical attraction and not on a spiritual connection. Emotional Love differs from physical Love due to the reason that no matter how much the person being loved changes physically, he or she will still be accepted and loved. Emotionally based Love can change according to the personality change of the loved one. If the person being loved no longer acts in a manner that is attracting to the person doing the loving then it is possible to fall out of Love that is emotionally based. Those who attended the symposium believed that there were two types of Love, Common Love and Heavenly Love. Heavenly Love is represented through the older man giving knowledge to the young boy in exchange for sexual gratification.

Reducing Gender Inequality In Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

Globally, there has been a alteration in the tendency of infection among the sexes. Initially at the oncoming of the disease, the prevalence of the disease was higher among the males than the females due to the fact that the disease was concentrated among homophiles and drug users. However as the cuticular continues to turn there has been a progressive displacement to heterosexual transmittal with an addition in the figure of females being infected. The planetary pandemic of HIV/AIDS is now in its 3rd decennary, with adult females now at the epicenter of the pandemic, globally accounting for about 50 % of all HIV instances aged 15 and older, including about 60 % of all grownups populating with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the figure of females populating with the disease in every part of the universe continue to increase. ( UNAIDS, 2009 ) The feminization of the pandemic is precipitated by biological and socio-cultural factors ; However although adult females are more vulnerable to the disease because of their biological makeup, there is grounds that gender norms play an built-in portion in act uponing an person ‘s exposure to the infection, entree to wellness attention services, sexual behavior and attitude, every bit good as entree to intervention and support when infected. ( WHO, 2003 ) The present tendency of the disease transmittal reveals that the epidermic is being aggravated by gender based exposures, stressing the importance of mainstreaming gender into HIV/AIDS programmes as an built-in effort to commanding farther spread of the disease. ( UNFPA, 2008 ) The Importance of Gender on the HIV/AIDS Pandemic: In most communities, gender determines how much information males and females are expected to hold approximately sexual affairs. Females are supposed to be nescient about sexual affairs as a mark of celibacy ; therefore doing them nescient about preventative schemes and doing it hard for them to be proactive in negociating safer sex. Different set of cultural norms apply to the males, they are frequently expected to hold more information and cognition about sexual affairs, be expericienced, and led as determination shapers in sexual issues. These make them vulnerable to being infected, prevents them from seeking information or acknowledging their limited information about sexual affairs. ( Carovano, 1992 ) . Social norms of virginity for single adult females besides increase her exposure ; it besides limits her information about sexual affairs to avoid being thought of as being sexually active. Puting her at a hazard of colza and sexual coercion. Research has besides shown that these immature misss practise other sexual behaviors such as anal sex, therefore increasing their hazard of undertaking the disease. ( Weiss et al.,2000 ) . Besides, because of the social norms of virginity accessing wellness installations for the intervention of sexually transmitted diseases is frequently stigmatising for both immature and big females. ( Weiss et al.,2000 ) . In many societies, maternity, merely like virginity is seen as being ideal, therefore utilizing preventives or barrier methods to guarantee safer sex is seen as a important quandary for adult females. ( Heise and Elias, 1995 ) . Research have shown that economic dependance of adult females increases their likeliness of interchanging sex for money, with no dialogue for safe sex, accompanied with their inability to go forth these dealingss even when they perceive them to be hazardous because of its fiscal additions. ( Heise and Elias,1995 ) . A reappraisal of literature done by Heise et Al ( 1999 ) showed it was more likely for persons who had been sexually abused to hold multiple sex spouses, engage in insecure sex and exchange sex for money or favor. Harmonizing to Societal norms, work forces are supposed to show their male power through force against adult females, lending both straight and indirectly to a adult female ‘s exposure to the disease. ( Heise and Elias, 1995 ) . A survey conducted in a voluntary HIV guidance and proving Centre in Tanzania by Maman et Al ( 2000 ) suggested that adult females who expericienced sexual force were at a hazard of HIV/AIDS. It was noticed that those who were HIV positive were 2.6 times more likely to hold expericienced sexual force in an confidant relationship. Social norms expect a adult male to hold several sexual spouses, for sufficient sexual release, herewith beliing the preventative message that emphasizes fidelity in relationships. ( Heise and Elias, 1995 ) . Social norms of maleness, which affirm males holding sexual laterality over females, as a characteristic of manhood, frequently lead to stigmatisation of work forces who have sex with work forces, thereby taking to secrecy of their sexual behavior, increasing the exposure of their sexual spouses, both males and females. ( UNAIDS, 1999 ) . Overall, the influence of social norms is frequently associated with addition in an person ‘s exposure of undertaking the disease. ( Courteney, 1998 ) Analysis of WHO ‘s Policy on Gender Mainstreaming in HIV/AIDS Programme: The guidelines on gender mainstreaming resulted from a WHO ‘s meeting held in Geneva in 2002 on incorporating Gender into HIV/AIDS. The demand to bring forth guidelines was emphasized as a agency to guaranting realisation of set ends. The present edition was developed by World Health Organization in concurrence with inputs from advisers peer reviewed by external referees, relevant proficient staff in the World Health Organization every bit good as research experience from old programmes that addressed the gender dimensions in HIV/AIDS and other wellness programmes. The intent of the guidelines is to increase consciousness of how gender inequalities affects a adult female ‘s ability to entree HIV/AIDS programmes and services, it besides offers practical ways on how to integrate gender into assorted types of HIV/AIDS programmes and services. Four specific countries were covered HIV proving and reding, Prevention of female parent to child transmittal ( PMTCT ) , HIV intervention and Home based attention for people populating with HIV/AIDS. The guidelines were formulated chiefly for programmes directors, wellness attention suppliers in the public and private sector involved in instituting, implementing or measuring HIIV/AIDS programmes. The guidelines are consistent and reinforced through assorted international understandings and declarations such as Beijing declaration and platform for action of the 1995 Fourth World conference on adult females ( FWCW ) and 1994 International conference on population and development. The United Nations General Assembly declarations of the committedness on HIV/AIDS besides emphasized the importance of turn toing gender equality as a agency to commanding the epidermic. This policy compliments old attempts done on incorporating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes with the purpose of bettering entree, informing and authorising clients, and besides taking to wellness equity and societal justness. However the guidelines focused chiefly on adult females.it did non offer equal chances to work forces, although the Beijing platform for action besides considered work forces ‘s concerns, guaranting that adult females and work forces benefit every bit from the ultimate end of accomplishing gender equality. The guidelines did non besides see the multi-sectoral attack ; it focused chiefly on the wellness sector attack to cut downing gender inequality. ( Beginning: World Health Organization ‘s guidelines on intergrating gender into HIV/AIDS Programmes within the wellness sector, 2007 ) Measuring the execution of this policy at the international and national degree. Following the 1995 United Nations conference on adult females, assorted developmental establishments, international organisations and states adopted the thought of gender mainstreaming. These International Organizations and development Institutions developed and endorsed gender mainstreaming Policies in HIV/AIDS ; nevertheless rating show restraints in execution, these policies have been slow in interpreting from policy into action. ( Moser, 2005 ) . This can be attributed to the fact that some development practicians in NGO ‘s continue to see gender issues as a distraction to the developmental issues they have to turn to, accordingly those involved in gender cyclosis are non in places to do determinations and alterations to these programmes. Since the Congress, gender mainstreaming in HIV/AIDS have been adopted and endorsed by assorted authoritiess, gender advocators in these states have successed in integrating gender issues into their national strategic programs for HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS programmes. The challenges in these states have been the execution of these policies and strategic programs at the territory degree. In a survey done in Botswana, it was observed that although gender had been incorporated into its national response to HIV/AIDS, with purposes to authorising the adult females, therefore cut downing the exposure of females in undertaking the disease, the intercessions focused on adult females, pretermiting the work forces, therefore gestating gender as a adult female ‘s issue. In Malawi, important efforts have been made, assorted programmes have been formed, and the National HIV/AIDS policy recognized that gender issues had to be considered, to guarantee effectual response to HIV/AIDS intercessions. However on rating it was noticed that bulk of the staffs in the NGO ‘s understood the construct in the European context, which was non applicable to their ain cultural norms and values, furthermore, the exposure of work forces was non considered sabotaging the proportion of drug users and homophiles in the population. The Zimbabwe ‘s national Aids Policy, showed committedness to gender inequality, acknowledging that adult females were more vulnerable, and prosecuting authorization of adult females as a agency to undertaking gender inequality, it besides developed schemes to guarantee the engagement of work forces in gender affairs. However rating showed that despite these schemes nidation of these policies at the grass-root degree have been impossible. ( Boom et al. , 2000 ) The national strategic program of South-Africa accepted adult females, and work forces who have sex with work forces, as portion of those who were vulnerable to the disease, and provided assorted intercessions to turn to gender related causes of exposure. It emphasized the difference in the prevalence of the disease in the age groups ( 20-29 ) , saying that adult females were more vulnerable due to social norms. Acknowledging that really small attending had been given to work forces who have sex with work forces, and drug users. It emphasized that the execution of these schemes were to suit both the demands of adult females and work forces. Evaluation nevertheless noted that commercial sex workers were discriminated and that gender force played an built-in portion in adult females ‘s exposure in South-Africa was non addressed therefore haltering the execution of these schemes. The Multi-sectoral HIV/AIDS strategic program of Switzerland recognized that harmful gender norms played a function in fuelling the cuticular, and that to guarantee long -term effects in schemes aimed at commanding the disease gender inequality had to be considered. This led to the National Emergency Response Council, developing schemes to steer the execution of these HIV/AIDS programmes. However it was noticed that gender was conceptualized as biological sex instead than gender, and its programmes were targeted at adult females, pretermiting work forces who had sex with work forces and other vulnerable groups such as drug users. On rating an addition in the incidence of mew infections was noticed among homophiles, showing that these groups played an of import function in commanding the disease. Discussion: Assorted International Organizations and Countries have integrated gender into their assorted policies, schemes and HIV/AIDS Programmes. The inquiry arising is why are these policies, schemes and plans non being implemented at the grass root degree? Decision: Gender norms influence an person ‘s exposure to undertaking the disease, therefore stressing the importance of Gender mainstreaming and adult females authorization in commanding the spread of the disease. Gender mainstreaming intercessions in assorted degree should acknowledge the functions work forces play in adult females ‘s expericiences, therefore gender related restraints of both males and females should be considered in HIV/AIDS Programmes. Training and support should be offered to HIV/AIDS programme directors and their staffs about gender issues to enable them implement policies turn toing gender inequality and HIV/AIDS.

Free Essays on German Philosopher Immanuel Kant

A18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) presents a view on moral obligation, which he calls the categorical imperative. Kant’s philosophy later called Kantian philosophy outlines the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative as a method for determining morality of actions. Kant’s formula consists of a two part test. First, one creates a maxim and considers whether the maxim could be a universal law for all rational beings and the second one determines whether rational beings would will it to be a universal law. The initial stage of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative requires that a maxim be universally applicable to all rational beings. The second requirement is that a rational being would will this maxim to become a universal law. In testing this part, you must decide whether in every case, a rational being would believe that the morally correct action is to tell the truth. Once it is clear that the maxim passes both tests, there are no exceptions. As a emergency medical technician is faced with a with a distraught widow who asks whether her husband suffered in his death, you must decide which maxim to create and perform. The maxim when answering the woman’s question , always telling the truth regarding the nature of her late husband's death. The initial stage of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative requires that a maxim be universally applicable to all rational beings. Therefore, this maxim is logical and everyone can put up with it. In testing the 2nd part, you must decide whether in every case, a rational being would believe that the morally correct action is to tell the truth. But if you decided to lie, what purpose would that serve besides trying to spare one’s feelings? Regardless the expected action is to tell the truth. Now for example let’s say the truth brings about the woman committing suicide, but Kant says that no rational being would... Free Essays on German Philosopher Immanuel Kant Free Essays on German Philosopher Immanuel Kant A18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) presents a view on moral obligation, which he calls the categorical imperative. Kant’s philosophy later called Kantian philosophy outlines the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative as a method for determining morality of actions. Kant’s formula consists of a two part test. First, one creates a maxim and considers whether the maxim could be a universal law for all rational beings and the second one determines whether rational beings would will it to be a universal law. The initial stage of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative requires that a maxim be universally applicable to all rational beings. The second requirement is that a rational being would will this maxim to become a universal law. In testing this part, you must decide whether in every case, a rational being would believe that the morally correct action is to tell the truth. Once it is clear that the maxim passes both tests, there are no exceptions. As a emergency medical technician is faced with a with a distraught widow who asks whether her husband suffered in his death, you must decide which maxim to create and perform. The maxim when answering the woman’s question , always telling the truth regarding the nature of her late husband's death. The initial stage of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative requires that a maxim be universally applicable to all rational beings. Therefore, this maxim is logical and everyone can put up with it. In testing the 2nd part, you must decide whether in every case, a rational being would believe that the morally correct action is to tell the truth. But if you decided to lie, what purpose would that serve besides trying to spare one’s feelings? Regardless the expected action is to tell the truth. Now for example let’s say the truth brings about the woman committing suicide, but Kant says that no rational being would...

Jeffersons Pillow essays

Jefferson's Pillow essays Who were the founders of America? When one thinks of the words founding fathers, the first thing that should come to mind are national figures like George Washington, James Madison, George Mason and Thomas Jefferson. Although these men are founders of America, they were also founders of a social institution that would be embedded in American life for hundreds of years. This social institution is otherwise known as slavery. In the book Jeffersons Pillow by Roger Wilkins, Wilkins discusses the real truth about the founders and the founding of the nation. The standard story about the founding of the nation has been told millions of times, but there is always one major part of the story that is left out. The voices that are never heard are the voices of blacks in the society of the new nation. The pages of millions of history books are filled with the success of whites, but there always seem to be blank pages that should contain the story of the contribution of blacks. This fact upsets many blacks today and ultimately results in the death of black patriotism. The idea that blacks never existed is due to the fact that Washington, Madison, Mason, and Jefferson were trying to erase history while they were writing it. In order for blacks to gain patriotism and to understand who we are, we must probe more deeply into who these four [men] were.(Wilkins 10) George Washington is known as the first father of the country, but should really be thought of as the first man to erase the writing on the blackboard. He was a man of many advantages and great success. Washington is always applauded and praised for the work he did for the country, but many do not know or choose to ignore the other side of this man. His other side was faced with a struggle dealing with ideas on slavery. For example, Washington desperately needed men to fight, but refused to let the twenty percent of the black population fight. It is natural ...

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in the Prince William Sound Essay

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in the Prince William Sound - Essay Example These investigations proved beyond doubt that the damages caused by this mishap have been more than what one would anticipate and therefore huge remedial measures are necessary to regain the damaged eco system back to its normal state. Even though some relief works were carried out at the site for few months and some compensation were dispersed by Exxon; these measures were not sufficient enough to bring back the affected region to its normal state. Exxon slowly started to withdraw its relief operations in this area even though they accepted the responsibility of this mishap. This paper discusses the things happened after this mishap to the key players, the appropriateness of their actions and the recommendations for avoiding such mishaps in future. â€Å"Exxon Mobil has paid about $900 million under the 1991 settlement† (Yardley, 2011) to rebuild the environment back to its normal state. â€Å"Exxon says it doesnt have any obligation to pay more. But the settlement also had a "reopener" clause allowing the state and federal governments to later claim up to $100 million more from Exxon if there were unforeseen damages† (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Exxon Mobil Scores Key Victory In Alaska Case, 2011). But Exxon is note ready to obey the "reopener" clause of $100 million more aid to the affected people. Oil that penetrates deeply into beaches can remain relatively fresh for years and can later come back to the surface and affect nearby animals. In addition, oil degrades at varying rates depending on environment, with subsurface sediments physically protected from disturbance, oxygenation, and photolysis retaining contamination by only partially weathered oil for years. Long-term exposure of fish embryos to weathered oil at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations has population consequences through indirect effects on growth,

Does the media distort childrens perceptions of reality or validate Research Paper

Does the media distort childrens perceptions of reality or validate them - Research Paper Example Some adverts have been successful in meeting this objective while others do not please the audience well enough to influence their decisions. However, a group of audience that may not be targeted by these adverts, but is actively involved in viewing them is underage children. Most online and TV digital advertisements are aired at convenient times when the children are watching, leading to serious implications in influencing innocent minds of the children. Therefore, the growing digital media advertising in TV and online commercials is responsible for distorting childrens minds due to the glamour and perceived reality of the virtual content portrayed in these commercials. Â   Paige (1) explains that currently, the violent and aggressive scenes, in addition to scenes portraying disrespect towards others have been the order of the day particularly in TV adverts. Introducing children to violent materials influences their perception regarding application of aggressiveness and violence; the kid perceives this as the best way to achieve a certain end as observed in these adverts. This is because; children cannot decode the messages to conceive the actual meaning being contemplated, but will take the portrayal of aggressiveness as the norm to achieve a certain need. For example, the Ford VW advert resulted in increased criticism from parents as the advert was aired too early and portrayed the chief engineer of Volkswagen embroiled in a combat with a few replicas of himself. The portrayed car parts being used as weapons passed a violent message to children; the advert was not supposed to be aired at normal times when children were watching TVs. As Haugan (23) ex plains, exposure of violent content to children leads to violent behaviors making such adverts to have bad influence on children. Super bowl snapshots when used in advertisements have been criticized for portraying the message of aggressiveness and violence to

China's Dangerous Overvaluation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China's Dangerous Overvaluation - Article Example Based upon labor costs and trade patterns, author is of the view that Yuan is certainly overvalued by approximately 15% suggesting that it’s time for China to take corrective measures. Author suggests measuring increasing labor costs as one of the indicators to measure how much the currency has appreciated and also cites the fact that labor costs have increased more than the overall profitability of the Chinese companies. Author indicates that any further appreciation in the currency would actually be more harmful for the country because the overall level of debt has been creeping up in the economy which would ultimately hurt the domestic consumption in China. Author suggests that to arrest the appreciation of Yuan, one way could be to allow domestic prices to adjust to the appreciated Yuan however; this may result into difficult economic consequences whereas rebalancing from investment to consumption is recommended as an easier way to manage Yuan. Probably one of the biggest weaknesses of the article is the absence of any figures and data based upon which author made the claims. Almost all the arguments are without any solid economic data and most arguments are relatively theoretical in nature. It would have been much better had the author used the real economic data to point out the appreciation trends in the value of Yuan against the major international currencies specially US Dollar. It is also critical to note that China has basically not highlighted as to how an appreciated Yuan have been benefiting Chinese economy in maintaining healthy trade surplus besides emerging as the leading export oriented economy in the world. An increase in the labor costs may not be one of the basic indicators of measuring the appreciation in Yuan. An increase in labor costs may also be due to the increasing specialization within the Chinese economy and the fact that Chinese workers may be gaining more advanced skills. Gaining more

Rori Rayes Advice Essay Example for Free

Rori Rayes Advice Essay At least not the way youd like it to smooth and easy, loving, exciting, fun, sexy? Maybe it would start out great, he might start out like Prince Charming, but then it all fades away and youre left with a guy whos only half-there? He forgets to call, forgets to show up on time, forgets your birthday? He forgets to make the reservation, forgets the directions, and asks you to pay for dinner? He only seems to want sex, and even then, he seems to have better things to do? AFFECTION and ATTENTION are things of the past? It feels awful when even one of these things happens. But when they all seem to happen at once, its TERRIFYING. I Know Just How This Feels I remember feeling as though the bottom had dropped out of everything. As though I must have been in a dream, and then suddenly found myself awake in the middle of a nightmare. Love Doesnt Have To Be Such Hard Work If you find yourself in the same kind of relationships with the same kind of difficult or emotionally unavailable man, over and over Relationships that dont work out, or are on-again, off-again with no real progress or closure Then theres a way you can turn all that around. I have a program that will teach you all about the reasons WHY you are attracting a certain type of man to you in your life, but also HOW you can make the relationship with this kind of man actually WORK. Heres where you can read all about it and see how you can transform your difficult relationship into a loving one permanently: Feel Safe With Him The thing that I had to learn to stop beating myself up about was that the nightmare kept happening over and over again. It was so PREDICTABLE. Id get with a man and go from dream to nightmare in nothing flat. Sometimes it took a week, sometimes two, sometimes a year. I felt absolutely helpless over my own romantic destiny. When I finally figured out that the same nightmare results were coming not from my luck or my looks, but from the same MISTAKES I was making over and over things started to change. I stepped back just enough to SEE things a bit more clearly. And I started to identify EXACTLY what my mistakes were. And then and it seemed like an overnight transformation I was finally able to take some control over what was happening to me. I almost instantly got totally different results: Instead of finding myself in the middle of a nightmare where I felt hurt most of the time, I found myself having fun I discovered I had CHOICES where I used to think the choice was all the mans I discovered I had some POWER over myself and my life that I didnt know I had I felt better

Virtual Reality - What It Is And How It Works :: essays research papers

Virtual Reality - What it is and How it Works Imagine being able to point into the sky and fly. Or perhaps walk through space and connect molecules together. These are some of the dreams that have come with the invention of virtual reality. With the introduction of computers, numerous applications have been enhanced or created. The newest technology that is being tapped is that of artificial reality, or "virtual reality" (VR). When Morton Heilig first got a patent for his "Sensorama Simulator" in 1962, he had no idea that 30 years later people would still be trying to simulate reality and that they would be doing it so effectively. Jaron Lanier first coined the phrase "virtual reality" around 1989, and it has stuck ever since. Unfortunately, this catchy name has caused people to dream up incredible uses for this technology including using it as a sort of drug. This became evident when, among other people, Timothy Leary became interested in VR. This has also worried some of the researchers who are trying to create very real applications for medical, space, physical, chemical, and entertainment uses among other things. In order to create this alternate reality, however, you need to find ways to create the illusion of reality with a piece of machinery known as the computer. This is done with several computer-user interfaces used to simulate the senses. Among these, are stereoscopic glasses to make the simulated world look real, a 3D auditory display to give depth to sound, sensor lined gloves to simulate tactile feedback, and head-trackers to follow the orientation of the head. Since the technology is fairly young, these interfaces have not been perfected, making for a somewhat cartoonish simulated reality. Stereoscopic vision is probably the most important feature of VR because in real life, people rely mainly on vision to get places and do things. The eyes are approximately 6.5 centimeters apart, and allow you to have a full-colour, three-dimensional view of the world. Stereoscopy, in itself, is not a very new idea, but the new twist is trying to generate completely new images in real- time. In 1933, Sir Charles Wheatstone invented the first stereoscope with the same basic principle being used in today's head-mounted displays. Presenting different views to each eye gives the illusion of three dimensions. The glasses that are used today work by using what is called an "electronic shutter". The lenses of the glasses interleave inflating air bladders in a glove, arrays of tiny pins moved by shape memory wires, and even fingertip piezoelectric vibrotactile actuators. The latter method uses tiny crystals that vibrate when

Teenage Abortion Essay -- Abortion Essays Research Papers

The subject of teenage abortion, is an emotionally charged one. The two major groups are completely opposite in their beliefs. Rather than discuss the emotional views of those groups, I have chosen to research, write, and conclude based on factual material, concerning teenage abortion. A discussion of abortion as a definition is explained medically, and in a small part the emotional effects on the participant. I have chosen to report in a factual not an emotional manner. The direct definition of abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by loss or destruction of the fetus before birth. ("Abortion") There are two types of abortion, spontaneous and induced. (Emmens 7) Spontaneous abortion occurs in the first trimester (first three months) of a pregnancy. (Emmens 7) This type of abortion is more commonly known as a miscarriage. (Emmens 7) "Miscarriages are usually attributed to an abnormality to the fetus." (Emmens, 7) Induced is the other type of abortion, the one creating a wide spread controversy throughout the United States and many other parts of the world. (Emmens, 7) Induced abortion is a procedure intended to terminate a suspected or known unwanted pregnancy. ("Abortion") The fetus is forced out of the uterus causing it to die. (Emmens, 7) There are only a few different ways that an induced abortion is performed. The most common technique is known as vacuum aspiration. ("Abortion") During the procedure the embryo or the fetus and the placenta is drawn into a tube by vacuum pressure. ("Abortion") Vacuum aspiration along with the other methods of abortion, are usually performed in the first trimester. ("Abortion") The procedure for second trimester abortion is a more risky and complicated procedure. ("Abortion") Thirty six percent of all teenage women who become pregnant choose to terminate their pregnancies by having abortions. (Meier,49) There are many reasons why teenagers decide that abortion is the best option for their own specific situations. "Some say they aren't ready for the kind of changes a baby would bring to their lives." (Meier,46) The top three reasons, teens and grown women alike, choose to have an abortion are: 1. A child would change the lives of all involved, drastically, in ways that many are not ready to handle. 2. A feeling of immaturity. 3. Financial problems, only to be made worse if a youngster was involved.(Planned)... ... to parental physical or psychiatric illness and/or drug and alcohol abuse. (Planned) Many are also frightened of what might be said and done to them. "There is evidence that teenagers who do not involve their parents believe, that involving their parents would not be in their best interests or are trying to protect their parents." (Planned) A strong majority of the teens having abortions already involve parents even if not required to do so by law. (Planned) Allowing teenage girls to have abortions is allowing them to go on with their lives. To pursue the many hopes and dreams of their childhood. It is allowing them to continue to be a child instead of raising one. As for the entire subject of teenage abortion, I am absolutely 100% pro-choice. I believe any women, young or old should have the right to choose, without legal strings attached. I would suggest a process of guidance be made available, should a women so choose. My thoughts are, an adult, maybe not a parent, but a pers on of legal age, should be available to give guidance because they care, not because they are bound to do so by law. In conclusion I do not believe Government should intrude in such personal matters. Teenage Abortion Essay -- Abortion Essays Research Papers The subject of teenage abortion, is an emotionally charged one. The two major groups are completely opposite in their beliefs. Rather than discuss the emotional views of those groups, I have chosen to research, write, and conclude based on factual material, concerning teenage abortion. A discussion of abortion as a definition is explained medically, and in a small part the emotional effects on the participant. I have chosen to report in a factual not an emotional manner. The direct definition of abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by loss or destruction of the fetus before birth. ("Abortion") There are two types of abortion, spontaneous and induced. (Emmens 7) Spontaneous abortion occurs in the first trimester (first three months) of a pregnancy. (Emmens 7) This type of abortion is more commonly known as a miscarriage. (Emmens 7) "Miscarriages are usually attributed to an abnormality to the fetus." (Emmens, 7) Induced is the other type of abortion, the one creating a wide spread controversy throughout the United States and many other parts of the world. (Emmens, 7) Induced abortion is a procedure intended to terminate a suspected or known unwanted pregnancy. ("Abortion") The fetus is forced out of the uterus causing it to die. (Emmens, 7) There are only a few different ways that an induced abortion is performed. The most common technique is known as vacuum aspiration. ("Abortion") During the procedure the embryo or the fetus and the placenta is drawn into a tube by vacuum pressure. ("Abortion") Vacuum aspiration along with the other methods of abortion, are usually performed in the first trimester. ("Abortion") The procedure for second trimester abortion is a more risky and complicated procedure. ("Abortion") Thirty six percent of all teenage women who become pregnant choose to terminate their pregnancies by having abortions. (Meier,49) There are many reasons why teenagers decide that abortion is the best option for their own specific situations. "Some say they aren't ready for the kind of changes a baby would bring to their lives." (Meier,46) The top three reasons, teens and grown women alike, choose to have an abortion are: 1. A child would change the lives of all involved, drastically, in ways that many are not ready to handle. 2. A feeling of immaturity. 3. Financial problems, only to be made worse if a youngster was involved.(Planned)... ... to parental physical or psychiatric illness and/or drug and alcohol abuse. (Planned) Many are also frightened of what might be said and done to them. "There is evidence that teenagers who do not involve their parents believe, that involving their parents would not be in their best interests or are trying to protect their parents." (Planned) A strong majority of the teens having abortions already involve parents even if not required to do so by law. (Planned) Allowing teenage girls to have abortions is allowing them to go on with their lives. To pursue the many hopes and dreams of their childhood. It is allowing them to continue to be a child instead of raising one. As for the entire subject of teenage abortion, I am absolutely 100% pro-choice. I believe any women, young or old should have the right to choose, without legal strings attached. I would suggest a process of guidance be made available, should a women so choose. My thoughts are, an adult, maybe not a parent, but a pers on of legal age, should be available to give guidance because they care, not because they are bound to do so by law. In conclusion I do not believe Government should intrude in such personal matters.

Ethical Business Behavior Essay

For this paper I will be discussing Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) using Anglo-American and Primark case studies as examples. First, I will discuss what is meant by ethical business behavior. Second, I will discuss how Anglo-American and Primark apply ethics into their business practices. Third, I will discuss what the costs and benefits are to an organization when they behave ethically. Finally, I will choose one component from Svennson & Woods’ model from â€Å"A Model of Business Ethics†, and discuss how it is relevant for Anglo-American. Ethical Business Behavior Ethical business behavior refers to an organizations actions and policies that are synergetic with â€Å"doing the right thing† (Sethi, 2003). Similar to the inherent laws of society that man has established that promote specific behaviors and actions that are deemed appropriate to build trust and relationships that last, it is similar in corporations. In order to operate ethically, organizations must also establish a clearly defined set of principles and a culture of ethical compliance that builds trust and confidence with their employees and their customers (Paine, 1994). Ethical business behavior is a combination of values and normative ethics, which drive an organization. Additionally, ethical business behavior is expected by society as a whole. Svennson & Woods write, â€Å"Society does have expectations of business and of its business leaders† (Svennson & Woods, 2008). Anglo-American and Primark are two companies that provide great strategies for practicing strong ethical business behaviors. Although both companies are in different industries, the fundamentals of their message of ethical compliance are similar in nature. Anglo American Anglo American, an international mining company operates throughout the world. According to the company, â€Å"It has extensive operations in Africa, where 76% of its employees live. It is also a major employer in Europe and employs nearly 7,000 people in the UK† (Anglo American, 2008). This company  is a major global producer and has an important role in this world economy. With the type of work this company does, and with the countries it operates in it is important for them to conduct their operations in an ethical manner. Anglo American applies corporate social responsibility through building communities in which they operate. According to the company’s ethical statement, â€Å"a long-term business such as ours will only thrive if it also takes into account the needs of other stakeholders such as governments, employees, suppliers, communities and customers.† (Anglo American, 2008) They also are focused on the safety of their employees. Operating in Africa can be dangerous at best and it is the responsibility of Anglo American to ensure its employees are working in a safe environment. The company has contributed to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, which sets out principles and practices for ensuring that a company’s need to ensure the security of its employees and operations in volatile countries does not adversely impact upon the local population (Anglo American, 2008). Last, but not least, Anglo American is also dedicated to the environmental issues, combating corruption and promoting revenue transparency. Primark For Primark there business is to produce quality clothing items globally. The company is a part of the Associated British Foods (ABF), a diversified international food, ingredients and retail group. Primark has almost 200 stores across Ireland, the UK, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and Portugal (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). In relation to business ethics, Primark takes a strong position on their belief in their responsibility to be socially responsible and to practice strong ethical business decisions. As a producer of clothing with a global supply chain, Primark interacts with many 3rd party vendors from all across the world. The company has embraced the challenges of ensuring that all of its clothing supply sources come from an ethically driven manufacturing company (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). The company publicly stresses its ethical position in the following statement on its website, â€Å"As an international brand with a global supply chain we have a  responsibility to act ethically. We embrace this responsibility as an opportunity to be a great force for good. Primark is committed to providing the best possible value for our customers, but not at the expense of the people who make our products† (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). In addition, Primark takes many steps to ensure that ethical behavior occurs across its vast organization. As a global manufacturing company, Primark has over 600 major suppliers in over 16 countries, employing over 700,000 employees. Primark stresses the importance of human rights and appropriate employment conditions in all of their supplier locations as part of doing business with them. Primark also has an Ethical Trade Director whose job it is to oversee all global supplier operations and ensure ethical conditions exist in accordance to Primark standards. The Ethical Trade Director manages other ethics managers who are stationed across the globe to monitor all operations activities. Also, Primark is associated with being a member of the Ethical Trading Initiative which is a global network of companies, non government organizations, labor unions, and other organizations that focus on improving the lives of their workers across the globe (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). Primark bases its founding ethical principles on the International Labor Organization’s (ILO) Code, which is an agency in the United Nations that combines representatives from governments, employers, and workers to help form the policies and programs for which they operate. Primark has also established its own corporate code of conduct that has been translated into 26 languages and is used at all locations to stress the importance of human rights, equality, and ethical behavior in the workforce (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). Costs and Benefits To Operating Ethically Every company has costs and benefits associated with doing business. Operating ethically also has its cost and benefits. First, when dealing with costs associated with doing business ethically, it’s important to note that competition must remain fair in order for social responsibility to develop. Friedman (1962, p. 133) contended that, ‘‘†¦ there is one and only one social responsibility of business – to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the  rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition, without deception or fraud†. Benefits of doing ethical business not only benefits the organization, but the customers, communities, and shareholders. In addition to these benefits, a strong ethical program promotes a strong public image, which is very important in today’s business climate. Murray and Vogel (1997) determined that when consumers were aware of the fact that an enterprise had made a great deal of effort to fulfill its social responsibilities, they were much more willing to purchase this enterprise’s products. Mohr and Webb (2005) asserted that an enterprise’s responsible behaviors had positive effects on consumers’ evaluation of this enterprise and their purchasing intention and that an enterprise’s lower level of ethics would significantly reduce this purchasing intention. Another benefit of doing ethical business is that not only it helps the business achieve its objectives of profits and reputation, but also helps manage other departments in the business. A business following ethics will have ethical programs that would identify values and would make sure that organizational behavior is in adherence to those values. This will be very useful for different other programs within the business such as quality management, strategic planning and diversity management (McNamara). Quality management places high importance on certain operating values for example trust among employees, reliability, measurement and feedback (McNamara). If a business has set ethical values the process of quality management will be more reliable and the business will be able to offer better quality to the consumers enhancing its image and increasing its profitability. Moreover ethics management techniques may be useful for managing strategic values such as expanding market share (M cNamara) and will make strategic decisions with utmost care while considering the broader effects. So ethics in business has a broader effect and is not limited to reputation, profits and growth. International Business with Integrity Svennson & Woods’ international business with integrity model from â€Å"A Model of Business Ethics† applies well to Anglo American due to the nature of mining operations in foreign nations and the environmental issues associated. It is expected that multi nationals’ corporations act ethically, not only because it is the right thing to do, but also it is within their power to do so. Svennson & Woods’ (2008) write, â€Å"Citizens of first world societies expect their corporations to display integrity in their international business dealings.† According to Anglo American, one of their goals is to â€Å"mine in ways that minimize environmental impacts is more expensive than extracting resources regardless of impact† (Anglo American, 2008). The Pebble Project in Alaska is a good example of the way that Anglo American takes account of the environment. There was some concerned that the mine could damage fish stocks and wildlife. Therefore, Anglo Am erican consulted widely and through a structured process with local people, politicians, businesses and especially indigenous people. Anglo American has made it clear that it will only seek to proceed with the project if it can be done without damage to the local fisheries (Anglo American, 2008). The environment is a major concern for people and governments around the world. Corporations have immense amount of pressure to produce goods to meet demand, but at the same time they have to be conscience about the environment. Countries around the world have laws governing environmental protection and there are several agencies to protect it. Conclusion To conclude, ethical business behavior is a combination of values and normative ethics, which drive an organization. Corporate social responsibility is important not only because it is the right thing to do, it also affects the stakeholders. Anglo American and Primark are examples of how major corporations can meet shareholder expectations, while conducting operations in an ethical manner. The costs and benefits associated with doing business ethically are important to take into consideration when reviewing ethics policies; however it is better to look at the long term benefits versus the short term costs. References: Anglo American. (2008). Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/new-downloads-pop.php?getFile=cHJpbWFyay9wcmltYXJrXzE1X2Z1bGwucGRm Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. (p. 133). Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://www.hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000103376/2007+Model-of-Business-Ethics.pdf McNamara, C. (n.d.). Complete guide to ethics management: An ethics toolkit for managers. Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/businessethics/ethics-guide.htm Primark. (2011). Providing consumers with ethically sourced garments. Retrieved from http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/new-downloads-pop.php?getFile=YW5nbG9fYW1lcmljYW4vYW5nbG9fYW1lcmljYW5fMTNfZnVsbC5wZGY Svensson, S., & Woof, S. (2008). A model of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, (77), 303-322: DOI 10.1007/s10551-007-9351-2. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://www.hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000103376/2007%2BModel-of-Business-Ethics.pdf Sethi, S. P.: 2003, _Globalization and the Good Corporation: A Need for Proactive Co-existence_, Journal of Business Ethics 43, 21-31. Paine, L. S.: 1994, ‘Managing for Organizational Integrity_, Harvard Business Review March/April, 106-117. Murray, K. B., & Vogel, C. M. (1997). Using a hierarchy of effects approach to gauge the effectiveness of CSR to generate goodwill towards the firm: Financial versus non-financial impacts. Journal of Business Research, 38(2), 141–160. Mohr, L. A., & Webb, D. J. (2005). The effects of corporate social responsibility and price on consumer responses. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39(1), 121–147.

Long Term Impact Of The Atlantic Slave Trade On The Economic Development Of Capitalism The WritePass Journal

Long Term Impact Of The Atlantic Slave Trade On The Economic Development Of Capitalism Introduction Long Term Impact Of The Atlantic Slave Trade On The Economic Development Of Capitalism Introduction Sea portsIndustrial revolutionBanking and insuranceUnequal terms of trade and plunderConclusion      Ã‚  Ã‚  References Related Introduction The Atlantic slave trade (AST) was a trade in human slaves that took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th and on through the 19th century. It was a trade predominantly in African slaves from mainly the central and western regions of the continent, who were sold by African slave merchants and tribal leaders to European slave traders (Stearns 2001). The slaves were then transported to colonies in North and South America and were forced to work on plantations of coffee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton and sugar; in rice fields; in the construction industry; in silver and gold mines; or, in houses working as servants. The Atlantic slave trade was a result of among other factors, the shortage of labor in the American colonies and later in the United States which had large amounts of cheap land for European immigrants (Eltis 2000). These colonists of the New World sought to exploit these lands for export of produce from the New World to Europe among other resources for capital profit. A vast amount of labor was needed in the creation and sustenance of plantations as they required intense labor to grow tropical crops, harvest and process them.   With the challenge of finding a sufficient workforce among the native peoples and a large number dying from overwork and diseases, alternative sources of labor were sought resulting in this trade (Williams 1944). Herein we delve into the long term impact of this slave trade on the economic development of capitalism. Capitalism, in basic terms, is an economic system in which investment of capital (or money) is used to produce profits. Factors of production such as land, communications, factories and transport systems are privately owned by either individuals or corporations trading in a free market whose main feature is competition. The history of capitalism points to a number of possible sources, among them the Atlantic slave trade (Dobb 1946). Prior to its development, the world was under a system referred to as â€Å"feudalism† which was characterized by legal and military customs that flourished between the 9th and the 15th centuries, which structured society around relationships that were derived from the holding of land in exchange for labor or service (Hobsbawm 1999). There is debate on the economic contributions of the Atlantic slave trade to economic development of Europe with some economic historians having the view that the capital required came from within solely through industrial development and trade, arguing that profits from the slave trade were minimal, not enough to finance the economic development to industrial capitalism. The enslavement of Africans in this transatlantic trade, others however argue, was an essential component in the development of capitalism in the Western world of Europe and America and which now dominates as a global economic system (Richardson 1998). To this latter group, Europes economic development, to its height today (its modern level) was based, largely, on the slave trade which made international trade across the Atlantic viable for European nations (Eltis 2000). Slaves from the African coast were shipped to the plantations in the American colonies and the Caribbean, their labor used to produce raw materials which were shipped to Europe for Industrial processing and manufacture, and finally the products of European industry were distributed back to the African market or to the plantations for the purchase of slaves and their owners. However minimal the contribution of the trade in slaves was, its contribution to this international (transatlantic) trade as described cannot be downplayed and was a major contributor to the whole since, apart from slaves being bought and sold as a commodity for profit, their labor in the plantations was essential for the production of raw material benefiting the European industry (Eltis 2000). The choice of African slaves was backed by the huge value placed on the slaves due to several considerations including the fact that they often had experience of agriculture and thus would be useful in the exploits of plantation agriculture. They also were used to a tropical climate and were not affected greatly by ill health as other indentured servants and slaves of other origins were. This trait was also enhanced by the realization that the African slaves were resistant to tropical diseases and could better survive in the plantations which made them the better choice for service on the plantations (Dobb 1946). Africans given their varied origins on the continent and the variations in their ethnic compositions were valued for the exploitation as they could be managed and controlled better by being mixed up ethnically and by origin. This approach was useful in inhibiting solidarity among the slaves with the possibility of revolts and dissent. African slaves were also chosen for their black skin colour because they were very visible if they ran away and could easily be hunted down by local groups. These factors made the African slave a valuable component for plantation farming and therefore a valuable commodity as well in the Atlantic slave trade (Eltis 2000). Sea ports The Atlantic slave trade can be directly linked to the rise of many sea-ports, mainly Bristol and Liverpool in Britain; Nantes and Bordeaux, France; and Seville in Spain. These sea ports grew as a direct result of shipping and international trade (Rosenberg 1986). The transatlantic trade through shipping and ship building directly led to the growth of the great sea ports of Bristol, Liverpool and Glasgow which were trading centers as well, and by mid 18th century, there was hardly any British town without a connection to the Atlantic slave or colonial rule, with interlinks in trade and manufacture of goods for export to various markets across the Atlantic including the colonies in the Americas (Williams 1944). These sea ports were the gateways to the world markets essential for early trade especially across the Atlantic later inducing industrialization which also gained from the established trading patterns and channels (North 1973). Industrial revolution The accumulation of capital (wealth) in Britain that fueled the industrial revolution was made on the back on this slave trade beginning in the late 17th century (North 1973). The Atlantic slave trade also enhanced Europes development in technology such as the evolution of shipbuilding which was a consequence of their monopoly of sea commerce. The triangular trade gave a direct stimulus for the ship building industry in England with ships built for the slave trade seeking to combine capacity with speed in an effort to reduce mortality which was the main challenge for the slave traders (Williams 1944). Manufacturing centers or towns grew often in places that had connections to sea ports consequently leading to the Industrial revolution. An example is Manchester which was the first center of the revolution, and which grew on the back of the growth of the sea-port of Liverpool, a port from which slave trading ships set off from and through which it could reach the world market (Eltis 2000). The capital accumulation in Liverpool from the slave trade profits and exploitations of the labor of blacks led to the existence of Lancashire and thereby stimulated the rapid extension of Manchester as a manufacturing hub. This capital was poured back to Manchester to finance its industrialization whose strength lay in the manufacture of cotton goods for the African market and West Indies, for purchase by slaves. Goods manufactured were ferried to Atlantic markets by the slave vessels which also brought back raw materials that enabled such industrialization (O’Brien 1982). Cargo to Africa, the first leg of the journey, is illustrated to have included finery and ornaments, all kinds of cloth, hardware items, iron and other metal goods, guns and powder, household utensils, paper, spirits and tobacco from Britain and foreign nations, among other goods   destined for the use of African princes and kings (O’Brien 1982). This assortment typified slave traders cargo exchanged for slaves and their production stimulated capitalism by bringing great profits to England and providing employment for British labor. This trade also provided opportunities for allied trades including distribution which required ships and wagons for transport inland and between the continental coasts (North 1973). Processing of raw materials sourced from colonial territories also gave rise to new industries and further created employment. Among these raw materials was sugar that gave rise to the sugar refining industry which transformed crude brown sugar manufactured on plantations into white sugar for the world market which was more durable and could be better preserved (O’Brien 1982). The importance of the sugar refining industry increased with the spread of tea and coffee as a necessity of life rather than a luxury of kings. It was the slave and sugar trade that brought Bristol to the level of the second city of England in the 18th century (Eltis 2000). Profits from plantations that had slaves providing the labour was of major assistance to economic development in many ways such as the increasing of the general prosperity of the economy which became a boost to the industrialization process (Rosenberg 1986). This happened through the easing of credit difficulties of the new industrialists suffering from the lengthy turnover time (time to realise profits from an investment) with credit offerings, which were a vital factor to success and the profits from slavery and plantation farming (Hobsbawm 1999). These offerings enabled the industrialization process with financial bills, backed by plantation products like sugar and tobacco, which became a form of money and went into circulation. This plantation funds scenario helped to fill the absence of institutions offering credit in sufficient volumes (Rosenberg 1986). The maintenance of the slaves and their owners in the plantations provided a significant market as well for British industry, agricultural produce of New England and fish produce from Newfoundland. The profits obtained from the triangular trade were one of the main streams to the accumulation of capital to finance the Industrial revolution in England (O’Brien 1982). Banking and insurance With regard to the banking and insurance sector, Eric Williams (Williams 1944) cites several examples of immense personal wealth derived directly from the slave trade. David and Alexander Barclay, for instance, made vast amounts of money from the trade, later using this to set up Barclays Bank. Also directly associated and having its roots in the transatlantic slave trade is the Lloyds of London, which grew through profits from the trade from a small London coffee house to the worlds largest banking and insurance houses. In Capital and Slavery he wrote: â€Å"Many of the 18th century banks established in Liverpool and Manchester, the slaving metropolis and the cotton capital respectively, were directly associated with the triangular trade. Here, large sums were needed for the cotton factories and the canals which improved the means of communication between the two towns (p. 99, 1944). Insurance houses grew to cover risks in the international business related to shipping with merchants insuring their cargoes of goods and slaves against loss, as well as the perils in the harbors and colonial plantations (Williams 1944). Banks, through their involvement in the trade, also financed the adoption of modern techniques in the agricultural enterprise in Europe enabling the practice of extensive agriculture and large scale production (Williams 1944). There was a typical transition from trader to merchant and then on to banker in the time, transitions that came about as individuals who made profit from the slave and allied trade sought further investments and diversification of business (Hobsbawm 1999). Banking and insurance grew primarily through links with shipping and the international trade. Examples of these include the Heywood bank founded in 1773 in Liverpool whose founders had success in the merchant business. Another individual merchant-turned-banker was Thomas Leyland of Leyland and Roscoe and later Leyland and Bullins, considered as one among the most active traders of slaves in Liverpool with immense profits (Williams 1944). Away from Britain, the financial effect of the Atlantic slave trade ranged wide even touching the French St. Malo fishing industry which saw a revival with the opening up of markets in the French plantations that flourished through the labor of African slaves (O’Brien 1982). The triangular trade brought back indigo dyes from Africa, as well, heavily depended upon by the Portuguese (North 1973). The ripple effect of the Atlantic slave trade had consequences far and wide with Brazilian dyewoods, for example, being re-exported from Portugal into the Mediterranean, North sea and Baltic which were then passed on to the continental cloth industry in the 17th century. Despite the Portuguese making enormous profits from the slave trade, it was unfortunate for Portugal that much of this money rapidly passed on to the hands of the more developed nations to the west of Europe. This happened through the imbalance of trade with supply of loans, ships and trade goods to Portugal from these more developed nations which included Germany, Britain, Holland and France (Hobsbawm 1999). Unequal terms of trade and plunder By 1800, the dominance of Europe on the increasingly global economy was quite well established and organized under capitalism. The upper capitalist class in Europe with their control of trade internationally ensured that Africa specialized in exporting captive slaves through the 17th to the 19th century, and, through their exploitation in labor made huge profits that continued to be re-invested in Western Europe in the formation of companies, shipping, capitalist agriculture, technology, insurance and the manufacture of machines including the steam engine (Rosenberg 1986). The economic philosophy over this time had no open door policy and the colonial trade was a monopoly of the home country administered rigidly (Richardson 1998). The colonies were under obligation to send their produce to England and to only use English ships. They were not allowed to manufacture anything, even refine the sugar they produced and could buy nothing but British commodities, or foreign products only if they were imported from England. Under British imperialism, colonies were confined mainly for their agricultural exploitation with the only concession being the access to the home market (Richardson 1998). In America, the New York City slave trade involved the building and maintaining of ships that were involved in the trade between it, Europe, the Caribbean and Africa; financial service provision which entailed borrowing, lending and insuring the transport vessels; as well as advertisements of slave sale and purchase which was a major source of revenue for New York newspapers in the 18th century (North 1973). New York was made a prime center for the slave trade mainly due to its strategic geographical position, its network of inland waterways, as well as, its proximity to the colonial settlements in America, a significant nexus in the web (North 1973). Virtually all New York businesses were involved with slavery from the beginning, with the enterprise comprising a myriad of activities including the direct trading in slaves; use of slave labor in workshops engaged in various crafts; and in agriculture where slaves were involved in harvesting, processing and packaging foodstuffs for use in the Atlantic slave trade. It also involved the supply of grains, tools and manufactured foods to plantations in the West Indies and North America for the consumption of slaves (North 1973). The economy of the city in its entirety was built on slavery with almost everything grown or produced a result of slave labor. Products entailed luxury items such as cheese, tobacco, rum, sugar, cloth and butter and were carried on ships owned by slave traders. The system of unpaid labor in its enormity kept the stores well stocked and prices fairly low (Rosenberg 1986). With Britain and France far ahead, they ushered in industrial development and parliamentary democracy with attendant liberties (Rogowski 1989). Accumulation in Britain was later fed by the trade with India, though this foreign stream was secondary to the Atlantic slave trade and its exploitation was strengthened only with its loss of the American colonies (O’Brien 1982). Growth in capitalism during this period of the Atlantic trade reflects the combined influence of growth opportunities generated by the Atlantic slave trade in addition to the emergence of economic institutions which provided security to property rights to the broader society, enabling the freedom to gain entry into profitable businesses and ventures (Rogowski 1989). These economic (capitalist) institutions were also a result of the development of political institutions which constrained the power of the monarchies and allied groups. For these institutions to gain strength needed to bring about the economic change, there was need for a nascent bourgeoisie and this was contributed indirectly through the enriching of segments of the bourgeoisie (Rogowski 1989). The rise in trade across the Atlantic strengthened their commercial interests enabling them to demand and thereby obtain changes in the institutions which were a necessity for growth of capitalism (Eltis 2000). Profits from this international trade were substantial with the recipients becoming very rich going by the standards of the time, thereby gaining power in the political and social spheres, and challenging the dominance of the monarchies (Rogowski 1989). This was a significant contributor to development economically and for capitalist growth. Conclusion       The Atlantic slave trade’s contribution to the development of capitalism has resulted in the nations that previously engaged in it still retaining their dominance of international trade and politics, with very strong economies and political maturity. The Atlantic slave trade was not entirely responsible for the economic development of capitalism but is considered to have contributed to the accumulation of capital ploughed-back to generate further capital that drove the industrial revolution. The slave trade was just one of the components of the transatlantic trade which featured an exchange of a variety of goods and plantation produce for slaves on the African coast who were later exchanged for raw materials in plantations on the American colonies and mainly the West Indies. Economic change is gradual and has a cumulative effect and the commercial capitalism in the 18th century developed Europes wealth contributed through slavery and monopoly. This further helped to create industrial capitalism characteristic of the 19th century, which undid much of the dependence on the slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade both directly and indirectly gave rise to the capitalism that still dominates in the world economy to this day.   Ã‚  References Dobb, M., 1946. Studies in the Development of Capitalism. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Eltis, D., and S. Engerman, 2000. â€Å"The Importance of Slavery and the Slave Trade to Industrializing Britain.† In: Journal of Economic History, 60, 123-144. Hobsbawm, E., 1999. Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day. New York: The New Press. North, D., and R. Thomas, 1973. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. O’Brien, Patrick K., 1982. â€Å"European Economic Development: The Contribution of the Periphery.† In: Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 35, 1-18. Richardson, R., 1998. The Debate on the English Revolution, 3rd Edition. Manchester; University of Manchester Press. Rogowski, R., 1989. Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade affects Domestic Political Alignments. Princeton; Princeton University Press. Rosenberg, Nathan and L. Birdzell Jr., 1986. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. New York; Basic Books. Rud ´e, G., 1972. Europe in the Eighteenth Century: Aristocracy and the Bourgeois Challenge. Cambridge MA; Harvard University Press. Stearns, P., 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth Edition.   Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Williams, E., 1944. Capitalism and Slavery. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.